Monday, July 29, 2013
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Tuesday, March 5, 2013
Choosing the Best Portable Ebook Reader: Key Considerations - Audio and Memory
Let me begin by listing again what I consider to be 7 key considerations that you should think about as you digest all the eBook reader reviews and comparisons so in gathering a list of the best eBook Readers, so you can choose that one great eReader you want to buy. Here they are again in no special order:
Form Factor Audio Memory / Storage Capacity Digital Content Availability File Type Compatibility Connectivity and Coverage Convenience
In Part 1, we covered Form Factor. In Part 2, we will cover the next few issues.
Choosing the Best Portable Ebook Reader: Key Considerations - Audio and Memory
Audio
You might be asking, why would audio be a 'key consideration' for your choice of the best eBook reader? Well, as someone once said, better to have a gun and not need it, than to need a gun and not have one. I'm not coming down anywhere on the whole second amendment issue, just giving a pertinent illustration. Many of us like to have our favorite devices available. Music players, like iPods and MP3 players, rank right up there in the favorite devices category with things like the George Foreman tabletop grill. So, if you'd like to have background music while you read, wouldn't it be nice if the eBook reader offered that capability instead of finding it necessary to bring another device?
More connected to the reading realm is the issue of audio books, like those you can get from Audible.com, AudioBooks.com, Barnes & Noble, Amazon, Kobo, and many other suppliers. Obviously, you will need audio capabilities in your eBook reader in order to take advantage of audio books.
And then there's the matter of that slick 'text-to-speech' capability, where your eBook reader can just read the text in your eBook to you... once again, if you have audio output capabilities. Most eBook readers do not have this capability, but a few do, especially the popular Amazon Kindle®. Expect more to acquire this capability fairly rapidly. This feature allows the eReader to simply voice the text from the current eBook using the audio output. You can get either male or female digitized voices but there is a pronounced robotic 'emotionless' sound to it. It's a bit like having Stephen Hawking read your book to you. All in all however, it sounds reasonable and it's good enough to easily understand. Don't expect to get a true audiobook experience with professional readers adding emotion, along the lines of books-on-tape and Amazon's Audible, but it's convenient and usable.
If the eReader provides audio, and most do, consider how the audio is delivered. Some eBook readers have headphone jacks; some have speakers. You may prefer one or the other, but some of the best eBook readers like the Kindle, the NOOK, the Sony Touch, and the iPad, have both speakers and headphone jacks so you can choose which you prefer at the moment. By the way, eReader Speakers are not of adequate size and quality for good 'high fidelity' music, so don't expect concert hall sound.
Memory / Storage Capacity
eBooks are essentially digital files, pretty much like any typical computer file. And, just as with computers, you need to store these files in digital memory. Roughly speaking, 1 gigabyte (GB = 1 billion bytes) of digital memory will hold about 700 to 800 eBooks. File size for any given eBook will depend on a number of things including the length of the book, whether or not the book has illustrations and graphics, whether or not color is supported, the type of file, and more. So, the actual number of books you can store in a gigabyte can vary widely.
All eBook readers must have memory. There is internal memory, like a computer's RAM. All eReaders have internal memory. Some, like the Kindle and the Sony Pocket Edition, only have internal memory. Some, like the NOOK, the Sony Touch, the Kobo, iRex Readers, and the Cybook have memory expansion slots so they can support external memory. External memory devices include things like SD cards, MicroSD cards, SDHC cards, and memory sticks.
Keep in mind that the eReader's computer operating system (OS) and reading software take up a good portion of the internal memory that the device comes with. For eReaders like the Kindle and the Sony, the OS takes up over 1GB of the internal memory supplied with the device. The most commonly used eReader OS is Linux which is used by Kindle, Sony, iRex, Bokeen, and many others. The Android OS is used by the NOOK, Entourage, and Velocity Micro's Cruz. Expect the Android OS to increase in popularity as it is used by many of the newer tablets and smartphones. The iPad uses Apple's much ballyhooed iOS operating system. Windows CE is also used by some eBook readers and Windows is notorious for taking up lots of memory.
Consider memory as we do with computers. More memory is always better. And expandable memory is, to some extent, infinite memory. While the ability to hold thousands of books may sound like more than you will ever need, a gigabyte hard disk drive in your computer was also once considered humongous beyond belief. With the ascendancy of audio and video, a gigabyte is now considered itsy-bitsy. Those who do not learn from history are doomed to have it cited to them, annoyingly, again and again. Your eBook reader is very likely to become your digital library. So, make sure your eBook reader has enough memory, and/or memory expansion capability, to accommodate all the things you will want to do with it.
Note also that, if your newest choice for best eBook reader supports the same type of expandable memory as your previous choice for best eBook reader, then your library of eBooks and documents can be easily ported to your new eReader. So, choose wisely Grasshopper.
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Check For 100 New Release & BestSeller Books For Your Collection
So, that's my coverage for these key considerations. Next time I'll continue with more of the 7 key considerations for choosing the best eBook readers. For more detailed information and the best eBook readers reviews and comparisons, visit our site at www.Best-eBook-Readers.net and check out our Best eBook Readers YouTube channel.
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Monday, February 25, 2013
What Can a Kindle Fire Do?
It's Not Just An E-reader
There are a lot of misconceptions surrounding the Kindle Fire and what it can do. Because of its name, it's association with the Amazon Kindle Store and past iterations of the Kindle e-book reader, many people think of it as simply an e-book reader. It's far more than that.
IOS Vs Android
It's a fully functioning tablet computer running the Android operating system (a customized version of Android 2.3 or a customized version of Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich for the HD models) and it's one of the more reasonably priced tablets on the market today.
What Can a Kindle Fire Do?
It's a great e-book reader as one would expect, but it can do far more besides just reading e-books. It would be more aptly described as a media tablet.
So What Can the Kindle Fire Do?
Because the Kindle Fire is a fully functioning tablet computer, the possibilities are almost infinite. If there's an app for it, you can do it.
There are literally thousands of apps available for the tablet on the Amazon Appstore For Android. Many of which are capable of being played on the standard Kindle Fire, and the very latest high end games can be played on the Kindle Fire HD. Even very deep and lengthy Role Playing Games such as; Galaxy On Fire 2 HD with it's 10+ hours single player campaign.
Games aren't the only apps available for the Kindle Fire. Many apps have far more practical applications. There are finance apps, real estate apps, educational apps, word processor apps, music apps, weather apps, shopping apps. The list is almost endless. There are even apps that can teach you how to pilot a plane.
In fact, it would be easier to answer the question "what can't the Kindle Fire do?" as that would be a far smaller list and could be summed up in one paragraph. It can't run Windows or IOS apps, but there is almost always either a ported version of the app, or an app that has the same functionality. It's the same with games, many games that start their life in Apple's Appstore, find their way over to the Android operating system very quickly often within a few weeks of their Appstore début.
One minor downside of the Kindle Fire is that it currently has a "locked" bootloader than prevents you from downloading apps from Google Play, which is a huge market place full of even more apps. Hackers have found a way to unlock the bootloader, though as recent rulings have shown in the USA, the legality of this is dubious. Many people will feel though that morally they should be allowed to do what they want with a device they have paid for and own. It's certainly an interesting topic for discussion.
But aside from the many weird and wonderful functions that the Kindle Fire is capable of by running different apps, many people will be wondering what can the Kindle Fire do fresh out of the box.
Video Playback
The Kindle Fire is a very competent video player. It's 7 inch screen is more than enough screen for watching a movie on without needing to squint your eyes to see the lead actress. Because you hold the screen in close proximity to your eyes, it actually feels as though you are watching a cinema screen rather than a 7 inch screen. Those who feel that they would like a larger screen to view movies on and read e-books, will be glad to know a 8.9 inch version will be available on the 20th of November and can be pre-ordered now.
The video playback quality is very impressive. Though the file sizes can be relatively small, it can be comparable to watching a Blu-Ray movie because of the screen size.
A typical full-length movie file if you use MP4 format can be anywhere between 300-800mb, with most weighing in at around 400mb. This would allow you to store between 15-20 movies for the 8GB model. The Kindle Fire has 8GB, 16GB and 32GB models available. So at approximately 400MB you will be able to store 35-40 and 75-80 movies respectively on the 16GB and 32GB model, making allowances for the space taken up by the operating system.
This can of course be extended by using the fantastic Amazon Cloud Storage which is free to all Kindle Fire users. The cloud storage is unlimited, so the amount of movies you can store and stream to your device is infinite. It's worth noting however, that only movies purchased through Amazon can be streamed via cloud storage onto your device. For you own movies you will need to load them onto the device yourself.
If you go for Amazon Prime membership, there will be thousands of movies and TV shows available to be streamed for free. So if you like movies; Prime Instant Video is well worth the money.
Music Playback
The Kindle Fire is a very good music player. The MP3 files available on Amazon are of a very high quality. The dual driver speakers and the headphones provided are very decent. To get the most out of their music, many music junkies will want to invest in a high-quality, top of the range set of headphones or external speakers. But it has to be said, the music playback as standard (through the speakers) is top-notch.
Given a file size of 5MB, the standard kindle will be able to store around 1,600 songs, which is more than enough. Obviously it can be extended to an infinite amount using the cloud storage mentioned earlier.
As An E-book Reader
The file sizes for books are very small, often just a few hundred kilobytes for even the largest novel, so many thousands of books can be stored on the 8GB model. For the 16GB and 32GB model, you would be able to store more books than many humans will read in their entire lives.
Amazon Prime membership will also mean that you can borrow an ebook every month, with a choice of hundreds of thousands of books on offer.
Web Browsing
The Kindle Fire is a very good web browser, thanks to its excellent touch screen. The screen is also large enough to be able to browse without it becoming fiddly. The Silk Browser is a very competent browser, which actually seems to load many web pages better than Apple's Safari.
Web browsing requires a Wi-Fi connection. 4G LTE Wireless is available on the Kindle Fire HD 8.9″ but this is the top-of-the-line model.
To Sum It Up
The Kindle Fire, is possibly the most under-rated tablet around at the moment. It certainly manages to beat other tablets available in its price range. And the answer to the question "what can the Kindle Fire do?" would probably surprise many people, who think it's just a simple e-book reader.
What Can a Kindle Fire Do?
See how the Kindle Fire holds up against the iPad here: Kindle Fire iPad Comparison. For more tech news and comparisons visit www.tech-vs-tech.com.
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Sunday, February 17, 2013
Pros and Cons of the iPhone 5
The iPhone 5, the latest Apple product, is regarded as 'the thinnest, lightest, fastest iPhone ever'. Though Apple states quite a lot of stunning features of the phone on their website, there are naturally a few cons associated with it. All of those who are interested in purchasing an iPhone 5 would really want to find out if the features are worth the hefty price tag or not.
There is a really impressive way to solve this problem. You can get all the amazing features you like without having to pay the high price. The solution lies in buying a used Apple iPhone 5. Since the iPhone 5 has not been in the market very long, the used iPhone will probably as good as new.
The pros and cons of iPhone 5 can help you decide which option is better: purchasing a brand new iPhone 5 or buying a used Apple iPhone 5.
Pros and Cons of the iPhone 5
Pros
Screen
The iPhone 5 screen is 4 inches which is the biggest size when compared to all previous models in the iPhone line. This may be smaller than other competing manufacturers but the resolution and the display quality is incomparable to any other screen.
4G LTE
As of now, 4G networks are characterized by the fastest data speeds. LTE is the communication standard used for 4G. The iPhone supports 4G LTE communication which makes it really speedy.
Battery Life
The most notable con of previous iPhones is the weak battery life. iPhone 5's battery life is much better than all previous models, and can last for hours even if Wi-Fi is on.
Processor
iPhone 5 features an A6 chip, which really improves the phone's speed. If you are a gaming addict, you will like this new addition.
Cons
iOS 6
iPhone 5 uses iOS 6, which is marked by new features such as an improved Siri, 3D maps and turn - by -turn navigation. However, you can easily upgrade your iPhone 4S to the same operating system and that too for free. Even if you do not have an iPhone 4S, most of the features of the new OS are still found in other recent models of the iPhone and iPad. If you are fine with this, then you can skip purchasing a new model or buying a used Apple iPhone 5.
4G LTE
Though 4G was mentioned in the pros, it comes with a disadvantage as well. If you do not travel frequently, then you might not need the high speeds. You have to pay an extra price for this feature so there is no reason for buying a used Apple iPhone 5 or a new one when you will not utilize it to the fullest. Secondly, 4G is available in limited regions so you might be able to use it.
Design
iPhone 5 is the newest Apple product, but the design is not. It is very close in appearance to iPhone 4/4S, which set new design standards at their launch.
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Please visit http://OldAppleStore.com if you are interested in buying an iPhone 5.
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Saturday, February 9, 2013
What Can a Kindle Fire Do?
It's Not Just An E-reader
There are a lot of misconceptions surrounding the Kindle Fire and what it can do. Because of its name, it's association with the Amazon Kindle Store and past iterations of the Kindle e-book reader, many people think of it as simply an e-book reader. It's far more than that.
It's a fully functioning tablet computer running the Android operating system (a customized version of Android 2.3 or a customized version of Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich for the HD models) and it's one of the more reasonably priced tablets on the market today.
What Can a Kindle Fire Do?
It's a great e-book reader as one would expect, but it can do far more besides just reading e-books. It would be more aptly described as a media tablet.
So What Can the Kindle Fire Do?
Because the Kindle Fire is a fully functioning tablet computer, the possibilities are almost infinite. If there's an app for it, you can do it.
There are literally thousands of apps available for the tablet on the Amazon Appstore For Android. Many of which are capable of being played on the standard Kindle Fire, and the very latest high end games can be played on the Kindle Fire HD. Even very deep and lengthy Role Playing Games such as; Galaxy On Fire 2 HD with it's 10+ hours single player campaign.
Games aren't the only apps available for the Kindle Fire. Many apps have far more practical applications. There are finance apps, real estate apps, educational apps, word processor apps, music apps, weather apps, shopping apps. The list is almost endless. There are even apps that can teach you how to pilot a plane.
In fact, it would be easier to answer the question "what can't the Kindle Fire do?" as that would be a far smaller list and could be summed up in one paragraph. It can't run Windows or IOS apps, but there is almost always either a ported version of the app, or an app that has the same functionality. It's the same with games, many games that start their life in Apple's Appstore, find their way over to the Android operating system very quickly often within a few weeks of their Appstore début.
One minor downside of the Kindle Fire is that it currently has a "locked" bootloader than prevents you from downloading apps from Google Play, which is a huge market place full of even more apps. Hackers have found a way to unlock the bootloader, though as recent rulings have shown in the USA, the legality of this is dubious. Many people will feel though that morally they should be allowed to do what they want with a device they have paid for and own. It's certainly an interesting topic for discussion.
But aside from the many weird and wonderful functions that the Kindle Fire is capable of by running different apps, many people will be wondering what can the Kindle Fire do fresh out of the box.
Video Playback
The Kindle Fire is a very competent video player. It's 7 inch screen is more than enough screen for watching a movie on without needing to squint your eyes to see the lead actress. Because you hold the screen in close proximity to your eyes, it actually feels as though you are watching a cinema screen rather than a 7 inch screen. Those who feel that they would like a larger screen to view movies on and read e-books, will be glad to know a 8.9 inch version will be available on the 20th of November and can be pre-ordered now.
The video playback quality is very impressive. Though the file sizes can be relatively small, it can be comparable to watching a Blu-Ray movie because of the screen size.
A typical full-length movie file if you use MP4 format can be anywhere between 300-800mb, with most weighing in at around 400mb. This would allow you to store between 15-20 movies for the 8GB model. The Kindle Fire has 8GB, 16GB and 32GB models available. So at approximately 400MB you will be able to store 35-40 and 75-80 movies respectively on the 16GB and 32GB model, making allowances for the space taken up by the operating system.
This can of course be extended by using the fantastic Amazon Cloud Storage which is free to all Kindle Fire users. The cloud storage is unlimited, so the amount of movies you can store and stream to your device is infinite. It's worth noting however, that only movies purchased through Amazon can be streamed via cloud storage onto your device. For you own movies you will need to load them onto the device yourself.
If you go for Amazon Prime membership, there will be thousands of movies and TV shows available to be streamed for free. So if you like movies; Prime Instant Video is well worth the money.
Music Playback
The Kindle Fire is a very good music player. The MP3 files available on Amazon are of a very high quality. The dual driver speakers and the headphones provided are very decent. To get the most out of their music, many music junkies will want to invest in a high-quality, top of the range set of headphones or external speakers. But it has to be said, the music playback as standard (through the speakers) is top-notch.
Given a file size of 5MB, the standard kindle will be able to store around 1,600 songs, which is more than enough. Obviously it can be extended to an infinite amount using the cloud storage mentioned earlier.
As An E-book Reader
The file sizes for books are very small, often just a few hundred kilobytes for even the largest novel, so many thousands of books can be stored on the 8GB model. For the 16GB and 32GB model, you would be able to store more books than many humans will read in their entire lives.
Amazon Prime membership will also mean that you can borrow an ebook every month, with a choice of hundreds of thousands of books on offer.
Web Browsing
The Kindle Fire is a very good web browser, thanks to its excellent touch screen. The screen is also large enough to be able to browse without it becoming fiddly. The Silk Browser is a very competent browser, which actually seems to load many web pages better than Apple's Safari.
Web browsing requires a Wi-Fi connection. 4G LTE Wireless is available on the Kindle Fire HD 8.9″ but this is the top-of-the-line model.
To Sum It Up
The Kindle Fire, is possibly the most under-rated tablet around at the moment. It certainly manages to beat other tablets available in its price range. And the answer to the question "what can the Kindle Fire do?" would probably surprise many people, who think it's just a simple e-book reader.
What Can a Kindle Fire Do? Check For The New Release in Health, Fitness & Dieting Category of Books NOW!
Check What Are The Top Cooking Books in Last 90 Days Best Cheap Deal!
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Check for Top 100 Most Popular Books People Are Buying Daily Price Update!
Check For 100 New Release & BestSeller Books For Your Collection
See how the Kindle Fire holds up against the iPad here: Kindle Fire iPad Comparison. For more tech news and comparisons visit www.tech-vs-tech.com.
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Wednesday, February 6, 2013
Mobile Apps, Web Apps and Mobile Optimised Websites - The Pro's and Con's
To say that mobile apps are booming would be an obvious understatement, IDC predicts that global downloads will reach 76.9 billion in 2014 and will be worth billion. Because of this many companies are considering a leap onto the mobile app bandwagon. But does your company really need a native mobile app; is this the best way forward for your brand? There are other options available which will enable you to take advantage of the mobile revolution which may be better suited to your company's goals, strategy, target audience and ultimately budget. We have put together an overview of the pro's and con's of native mobile apps, web apps and mobile optimised websites to help you decide the best way forward for you.
Native Mobile Apps
Native mobile apps are specifically designed to run on the smartphones operating system and machine firmware. It typically needs to be adapted and adjusted for use on different devices (GIA)
Mobile Apps, Web Apps and Mobile Optimised Websites - The Pro's and Con's
Pro's
Native apps do not need internet connectivity to function this gives users anytime, anywhere access.
Native apps can offer increased functionality by tapping into the smartphone handset features. If you would like your app to access the user's camera or phonebook or make use of GPS location technology, the accelerometer or server side push notifications then you will probably want to go down the native application route.
Native Apps are distributed via the app stores (Apple iTunes, Android Marketplace). This is a powerful platform to get your apps found provided you have optimised your application for maximum visibility.
Native mobile apps promote better user engagement with longer user sessions; this is probably due to the richer user interface provided although this may be set to change with new developments in HTML5.
Surveys show that most affluent respondents are more likely to say they had downloaded a native app (Survey by Ask.com and Harris Interactive)
Con' s
Cost - a native app is specific to the mobile handset it is run on, since it uses the features of that specific handset. This means if you are developing across iOS, Android and Blackberry operating systems the development costs can be quite high as each device uses different coding.
Maintenance and complex updating which need additional installation.
Web Apps
An application in which all or some parts of the software are downloaded from the Web each time it is run. It can usually be accessed from all web-capable mobile devices (GIA)
Pro's
Accessibility - an HTML5 mobile app (web app), are accessible on most mobile devices so you can reach a much wider audience than if you were to develop a native mobile app for say iPhone only. Cost - web apps use the same base code for all platforms (iOS, Android), although there is still work to be done to ensure the application is compatible across all platforms this brings development costs down considerably.
Web apps offer a faster go-to-market, since they are not subjected to distributor approval. Apple AppStore approval can take from weeks to months of evaluation and quality assurance.
Discoverability - With the increase in native apps within the app stores it will become difficult to distinguish whether web apps are any less visible provided there is a strong marketing strategy on launch to aid discovery.
Web Apps offer more direct and unfiltered access to user behaviour analytics enabling targeted consumer cross-selling opportunities.
Web appscan be pinned to the user's smartphone menu to allow easy repeat access.
Con's
Performance and functionality is limited compared to that of a native app as internet connectivity is required and the application cannot access smartphone functions such as geo-location technology or push notifications.
Less controlled user experience
Lack of standards across mobile browsers can make it quite difficult to ensure your app is cross platform compatible.
(There is also the option of building a hybrid native/web app which allows developers to create mobile apps that share their backend with their web application. A hybrid app could provide the perfect trade-off between cost and functionality for your company.)
Mobile Optimised Website
A mobile optimised website is essentially your company's website optimised for viewing on a mobile device.
Pro's
A mobile optimised website is a simple transfer of the information and content (or part of it) of your website to enable mobile user accessibility. Because the information and logic is already there, (you are not creating anything new or any extended functionality) mobile websites can be very inexpensive to build.
Mobile optimised websites offer smaller companies the opportunity to take advantage of the increase in mobile search.
User experience is greatly improved as web page logic is optimised for viewing on a mobile device.
If your website is built in flash then it will not be viewable at all by Apple device users - a mobile optimised website will increase your company's visibility for Apple users.
Con's
If your website is built in Flash then it will require more work for that website to be viewable on Apple devices.
A mobile optimised website as with HTML5 web apps relies on internet connectivity to function
User experience is limited to web based actions.
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Sunday, February 3, 2013
"Would You Like Fries With That?" - Up-Selling, Back-Selling, and Cross-Selling Your Customers
"Would you like fries with that?" may be the most profitable 6-word phrase ever uttered. Think how many millions of times people have heard that question, paused a second, and said, "sure." Or consider the "happy meal" now so prevalent among fast food companies, or the option, almost equally prevalent, to "supersize" or the like. What do all these options have in common?
Up-selling
It's simple, really. Marketers know that most of the thought and reluctance to purchase go into the first decision to purchase. After that resistance is overcome (if it is), a second purchase or a substantial upgrade in purchase, may be a mere afterthought, accomplished spontaneously. In marketing terms, these are called up-sales.
"Would You Like Fries With That?" - Up-Selling, Back-Selling, and Cross-Selling Your Customers
It's obvious now, but it wasn't always this way. McDonald's deliberately instituted a sales program to require its salespeople to ask the upsale/backsale question. Some people thought it would annoy customers as an "obvious" attempt to make them buy more than they had intended, but I doubt that ever occurs to a statistically significant number of customers. Instead, a customer appreciates his or her attention being called to the fact that greater value can be had for only a slightly larger outlay. The benefits to McDonald's bottom line has been spectacular.
Up-selling, Back-selling and Cross-selling
Any business with more than one product, or with different size products, should learn the lesson from McDonalds. And many have. Virtually every national business has some variation on the upsale/backsale routine, and many internet companies have really pushed the envelope in this regard. It works, and it works very well for the businesses and customers alike. I believe a lot of smaller businesses have not yet devoted enough attention to the question, however.
If You Haven't, You Should
If you have not developed a "back end" or have not trained your sales force to work it, you may be missing an excellent opportunity to increase profits dramatically. If you are a small business, you may not have but one product, or it may not be feasible to upsell a customer. You can still increase the value delivered and your profit, though, with a little thought. One option could be to make an arrangement with another business that could serve a need related to the one your customer satisfied.
An Example
Take a walk into a hardware store for a good example of the way this can work. It often happens that you can rent equipment you will need to help make the repairs that brought you to the hardware store in the first place right from the counter of the hardware store. Often that equipment store is a completely different business. If you need professional help with the repairs, the person behind the counter can most likely make a recommendation, and sometimes they ask you if you need help. At the counter you will inevitably notice a number of possibly useful gizmos. People buy these on a whim, spontaneously (impulse buys). And sometimes there is a board with postings for services offered that might be needed by people who go to hardware stores-for lawn care, for example. Each of these things can be a profit center for the hardware store, all take advantage of the fact that once initial buying reluctance is overcome other purchases come more easily, and the net effect, in addition to the enhanced profit, is that hardware stores become a place where people with a variety of needs come confident that they will find what they want.
It's worth putting something like that into place in your business.
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Contact me for the most competitive rates for merchant payment processing for independent businesses. But the company I work with offers much more than the lowest rates. We have a "give-back" program where we send some of our profits to a non-profit organization of your choice, strengthening your ties to the community and helping with marketing. Or if you're more expansion-minded, we can provide you a link to Jay Abraham, the best marketing mind in America.
Ken Gibert is a graduate of Jay Abraham's X!Factor Program, a professional writer and business marketing consultant himself and operates http://www.GoldenSunConsulting.com
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Friday, January 25, 2013
History of the Camera
Early cameras of the 16th and 17th century were able to project images onto paper or glass but the study of capturing, processing and printing the images took many more years. Up until the 17th century, scientists believed that light was composed basically of the 'white' that is perceived by the human eye. It took the research done by famous physicist Isaac Newton to discover that light is actually composed of a spectrum of colors. While he made a big contribution to the study of optics (that is at the core of camera advances) with this discovery, Newton did not actually have anything to do with camera development per se.
The early camera that first became a phenomenon was a little more than a pinhole camera and can be traced back to 1558. It was called the Camera Obscura. The Camera Obscura was seen as a drawing tool for a clearer and realistic portrayal of objects. It was in the early 19th century that an invention named the Camera Lucida was introduced by Cambridge scientist William Hyde Wollaston that consisted of an optical device that could help an artist view a distant scene or person or object on a paper surface that he or she was using to draw. In other words the artist gets to view a superimposed image of a subject on paper and this image could be effectively used to attempt to draw, trace or paint it. Both the Camera Obscura and the Camera Lucida provided an image that was temporary, which could not be lastingly captured on to paper for later reference.
Studies however continued well into the 1800's on how to actually capture the image onto material. It was during this time, around 1822 that French researcher Joseph Nicephore Niepce, created the first photograph by using paper that was coated with a chemical. The image would not stay permanently on the paper and would disappear after a short while. Even so, despite the short-lived nature of the image, the concept of photography was born with this experiment and paved the way for further study and development in this field.
History of the Camera
Capturing images to retain them longer and permanently became the next big quest for researchers. Another Frenchman Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre partnered with Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1829, to develop the process of creating permanent photographs. Joseph Niépce died in 1833 but Daguerre continued with the work and succeeded in 1837 after many long years of experimentation. The process of capturing photographic images that would not fade away, introduced by Daguerre came to be known as the 'daguerreotype'.
The word 'photography' was coined by scientist Sir John F.W. Herschel in 1839 and it is actually is derived from two Greek words 'photos' meaning light and 'graphein' meaning draw.
A slightly more advanced version of the daguerreotype called the Calotype process that makes multiple copies possible using the negative and positive method became available very soon after. In fact, it was during the 1840's that the use of photographic images in advertisements first started and cameras made their mark on the power of visual communication. It was not much later, in the 1850's that photographers first started experimenting with underwater photography of seascapes.
Up until 1850, the process of capturing images was cumbersome requiring upto half an hour of light exposure. The discovery made in 1851 by Frederick Scott Archer was a blessing since the new method termed the Collodion process called for just 2-3 seconds of light exposure to capture an image.
Prior to 1871, photographers went through a development process where they had to coat the plate with wet chemical each and every time and process the image immediately. With the invention the gelatin dry plate silver bromide process by Richard Leach Maddox, negatives did not have to be developed immediately. This was an important discovery since up until then the captured image had to be processed instantly.
Kodak created in 1888 by George Eastman has been a modern day pioneer of sorts in cameras and photography for the masses. George Eastman and the scientists who worked with him at Kodak developed the photographic film in 1889 and made it available in rolls for the mass use of consumers. An important milestone in our entertainment and communication history was the development of transparent roll film by Eastman. This development led to another key invention - the motion picture camera by Thomas Edison's in 1891.
-->Modern Times
During the 20th century the pace of technology development in cameras and photography continued at an accelerated pace much like many other key technology developments. While several key inventions like car, telephone and the gramophone record happened in the later half of the 19th century, it is the last 100 years that saw major developmental work in many areas of communications technology and as well as in other fields - TV, aircrafts, PCs, digital technology, digital cameras, mobile phones, fax machines and the internet, to name a few.
In the case of the camera, the developments simplified the whole process of photography, making it accessible to one and all at affordable prices and the camera industry denizens of our times made it into a mass phenomenon. The first mass use camera became available at the turn of the 20th century and can be traced back to the year 1900. There are hundreds of models of cameras available today both for the amateur as well as the professional and the camera is an important part of any family's repertoire of must have gadgets.
-->20th century chronology in the history of the camera:
1913: 35 mm still-camera created
1927: The flash bulb introduced by General Electric Co. (The concept of camera flash existed much before but was based on the use of a flash light powder that was invented by German researchers)
1935- 1941: Kodak starts marketing Kodachrome film and subsequently launches Kodacolor negative film. Canon released the Hansa Canon in 1936, the first 35mm focal-plane shutter camera.
1948: The concept of the Polaroid camera is introduced in the market. American scientist Edwin Land developed the process for instant photography. Later Polaroid Corporation developed the 'instant color' film around 1963.
1957: Frenchman Jaques Yves Cousteau invented the first waterproof 35mm camera for underwater photography named the Calypso Phot. The actual camera was developed by the Belgian airplane technical designer Jean de Wouters based on the blueprint and suggestions given to him by Cousteau.
1972: The electronic camera that does not require film was created and patented by Texas Instruments. This is however not the same as a digital camera though you don't require film in digital cameras as well. The launch of the digital camera is still many years away.
1975: Kodak's experiments with digital imaging kicked off around the mid seventies but it will take another 20 years before a digital camera for the home consumer market is launched.
1978 - 1980: Asian players like Konica and Sony begin to make their mark. The 'point and shoot' automatic focus camera is launched by Konica while Sony starts talking about the camcorder and demonstrates a prototype.
1981: Sony launches a commercially available electronic still camera. Similar to the 1972 invention by Texas Instruments, the Sony electronic camera came with a mini disc on which images were recorded and stored. The recorded images could be later printed or viewed on a monitor using a reader device.
1985: Digital processing technology makes its entry. Digital imaging and processing is introduced by Pixar.
1986: The camera industry becomes even more consumer focused and taps the fun and travel connotations behind camera usage, with the launch of the concept of the disposable single use cameras. Fuji is credited with the development of this concept.
Also in 1986 - 1987, Kodak started taking giant strides in digital development. Digital means, the photographic image is divided into tiny units of dots or squares known as pixels. Pixels are the programmable units of an image that can be processed by computers. Each image could be made up of millions of pixels. The use of pixels in digital technology allows storing large volumes of pixels to deliver high definition print quality.
1990: Kodak introduces Photo CD's. It is a system of storing photographic images on CD and then viewing them on a computer. With this development the user-friendly approach of the camera industry began to take concrete shape.
1991: Kodak introduces a digital camera targeted at professionals and journalists. Kodak is credited with the invention of a pixel based camera technology known to us as the digital camera. Digital cameras don't use film similar to their predecessor electronic cameras but the storage method is entirely different and the final photograph is of much higher resolution. In a digital camera photos are recorded and stored in digital form. This digital data can be transferred to a computer and processed for printing. Kodak and Canon are well known digital camera manufacturers and there are also several other key brands as well.
1994: The Apple QuickTake camera, a home use digital camera is launched. This is followed by the launch of a clutch of home use digital cameras by Casio, Kodak and others in quick succession during 1995 -'96.
-->The digital era:
The development of digital camera technology is considered to be linked to the development of TV and Video technology. The principles of transmission and recording of audio-visual images using digital electrical impulses finds use in camera imaging as well.
Through the 1990's the developments continued in camera technology, the focus now shifting to the field of digital imaging which is where the future lies. Use-friendly features like software that can download digital images directly from camera onto home computers for storing and sharing on the internet is the new norm in the market place.
The camera, the computer, the software industry and the worldwide web are today irrevocably interlinked to empower the user in experiencing the benefits of camera usage to full potential. The innovation that sparked many an invention in the camera industry found its way into the digital world as well and continued among digital camera manufacturers. During 2001, the Kodak and Microsoft partnership ensured that digital camera manufacturers could use the power of Picture Transfer Protocol (PTP) standard through Windows. The digital photo experience is a key visual driver in the Internet era. Many of Kodak digital camera models with EasyShare capabilities are compatible with Windows XP. The Kodak EasyShare software enables users to transfer digital camera pictures directly from camera to their computers and then print the pictures or even email them.
Manufacturers in a related industry like the printing industry have adapted their products to be in sync with the images created by digital cameras. Cell phone manufacturers have tied up with digital camera manufacturers to develop new age camera phones in recent years. These camera phones can capture images and share the images through the cell phone.
Among the 21st century digital developments are the advanced product offerings from digital cameras manufacturers and these are sure to occupy an important place in the ensuing history of camera development. For instance, the Kodak Professional DCS Pro SLR/c is a high-end digital camera and the Kodak website calls the DCS Pro SLR models the most feature-rich digital cameras on the market. It has an image sensor that can handle 13.89 million pixels and this makes it the highest resolution digital camera available. High resolution determines the sharpness or level of detail in photographic images. This is just a glimpse of the capabilities that digital technology places in a user's hands. Digital camera sales figures for 2003 show that the two key players Kodak and Canon have recorded impressive growth.
-->What does the future holds for camera users?
The features offered by digital cameras can be quite mind-boggling for the average user and pretty exciting for most pros. Four key ongoing camera developments that are likely to further improve the process of photography:
1. Greater resolution from even the simplest, low cost camera models
2. Usage in any type of lighting conditions,
3. Compatibility across a range of software, hardware and image types
4. Rich colors and tone
While the higher-end digital evolution continues, the prices of the simple camera have crashed to such an extent that even children and teens are proud owners of uncomplicated cameras. The camera and photography interest starts young and this creates a truly large audience base for the camera industry.
And throughout history, it is evident that the endeavor of researchers and developers has been to make the camera available to a wide section of society. Without camera technology and photography, the other key developments of cinema and TV would have been delayed and what a boring place the world would have been without TV and films!!
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Sunday, January 20, 2013
History of Educational Technology
There is no written evidence which can tell us exactly who has coined the phrase educational technology. Different educationists, scientists and philosophers at different time intervals have put forwarded different definitions of Educational Technology. Educational technology is a multifaceted and integrated process involving people, procedure, ideas, devices, and organization, where technology from different fields of science is borrowed as per the need and requirement of education for implementing, evaluating, and managing solutions to those problems involved in all aspects of human learning.
Educational technology, broadly speaking, has passed through five stages.
The first stage of educational technology is coupled with the use of aids like charts, maps, symbols, models, specimens and concrete materials. The term educational technology was used as synonyms to audio-visual aids.
History of Educational Technology
The second stage of educational technology is associated with the 'electronic revolution' with the introduction and establishment of sophisticated hardware and software. Use of various audio-visual aids like projector, magic lanterns, tape-recorder, radio and television brought a revolutionary change in the educational scenario. Accordingly, educational technology concept was taken in terms of these sophisticated instruments and equipments for effective presentation of instructional materials.
The third stage of educational technology is linked with the development of mass media which in turn led to 'communication revolution' for instructional purposes. Computer-assisted Instruction (CAI) used for education since 1950s also became popular during this era.
The fourth stage of educational technology is discernible by the individualized process of instruction. The invention of programmed learning and programmed instruction provided a new dimension to educational technology. A system of self-learning based on self-instructional materials and teaching machines emerged.
The latest concept of educational technology is influenced by the concept of system engineering or system approach which focuses on language laboratories, teaching machines, programmed instruction, multimedia technologies and the use of the computer in instruction. According to it, educational technology is a systematic way of designing, carrying out and evaluating the total process of teaching and learning in terms of specific objectives based on research.
Educational technology during the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age
Educational technology, despite the uncertainty of the origin of the term, can be traced back to the time of the three-age system periodization of human prehistory; namely the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age.
Duringthe Stone Age, ignition of fire by rubbing stones, manufacture of various handmade weapon and utensils from stones and clothing practice were some of the simple technological developments of utmost importance. A fraction of Stone Age people developed ocean-worthy outrigger canoe ship technology to migrate from one place to another across the Ocean, by which they developed their first informal education of knowledge of the ocean currents, weather conditions, sailing practice, astronavigation, and star maps. During the later Stone Age period (Neolithic period),for agricultural practice, polished stone tools were made from a variety of hard rocks largely by digging underground tunnels, which can be considered as the first steps in mining technology. The polished axes were so effective that even after appearance of bronze and iron; people used it for clearing forest and the establishment of crop farming.
Although Stone Age cultures left no written records, but archaeological evidences proved their shift from nomadic life to agricultural settlement. Ancient tools conserved in different museums, cave paintings like Altamira Cave in Spain, and other prehistoric art, such as the Venus of Willendorf, Mother Goddess from Laussel, France etc. are some of the evidences in favour of their cultures.
Neolithic Revolution of Stone Age resulted into the appearance of Bronze Age with development of agriculture, animal domestication, and the adoption of permanent settlements. For these practices Bronze Age people further developed metal smelting, with copper and later bronze, an alloy of tin and copper, being the materials of their choice.
The Iron Age people replaced bronze and developed the knowledge of iron smelting technology to lower the cost of living since iron utensils were stronger and cheaper than bronze equivalents. In many Eurasian cultures, the Iron Age was the last period before the development of written scripts.
Educational technology during the period of Ancient civilizations
According to Paul Saettler, 2004, Educational technology can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systematized bodies of knowledge and ancient cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information. In every stage of human civilization, one can find an instructional technique or set of procedures intended to implement a particular culture which were also supported by number of investigations and evidences. The more advanced the culture, the more complex became the technology of instruction designed to reflect particular ways of individual and social behaviour intended to run an educated society. Over centuries, each significant shift in educational values, goals or objectives led to diverse technologies of instruction.
The greatest advances in technology and engineering came with the rise of the ancient civilizations. These advances stimulated and educated other societies in the world to adopt new ways of living and governance.
The Indus Valley Civilization was an early Bronze Age civilization which was located in the northwestern region of the Indian Subcontinent. The civilization was primarily flourished around the Indus River basin of the Indus and the Punjab region, extending upto the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley and the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, (most of the part is under today's Pakistan and the western states of modern-day India as well as some part of the civilization extending upto southeastern Afghanistan, and the easternmost part of Balochistan, Iran).
There is a long term controversy to be sure about the language that the Harappan people spoke. It is assumed that their writing was at least seems to be or a pictographic script. The script appears to have had about 400 basic signs, with lots of variations. People write their script with the direction generally from right to left. Most of the writing was found on seals and sealings which were probably used in trade and official & administrative work.
Harappan people had the knowledge of the measuring tools of length, mass, and time. They were the first in the world to develop a system of uniform weights and measures.
In a study carried out by P. N. Rao et al. in 2009, published in Science, computer scientists found that the Indus script's pattern is closer to that of spoken words, which supported the proposed hypothesis that it codes for an as-yet-unknown language.
According to the Chinese Civilization, some of the major techno-offerings from China include paper, early seismological detectors, toilet paper, matches, iron plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the suspension bridge, the wheelbarrow, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the magnetic compass, the raised-relief map, the blast furnace, the propeller, the crossbow, the South Pointing Chariot, and gun powder. With the invent of paper they have given their first step towards developments of educational technology by further culturing different handmade products of paper as means of visual aids.
Ancient Egyptian language was at one point one of the longest surviving and used languages in the world. Their script was made up of pictures of the real things like birds, animals, different tools, etc. These pictures are popularly called hieroglyph. Their language was made up of above 500 hieroglyphs which are known as hieroglyphics. On the stone monuments or tombs which were discovered and rescued latter on provides the evidence of existence of many forms of artistic hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt.
Educational technology during Medieval and Modern Period
Paper and the pulp papermaking process which was developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, was carried to the Middle East and was spread to Mediterranean by the Muslim conquests. Evidences support that a paper mill was also established in Sicily in the 12th century. The discovery of spinning wheel increased the productivity of thread making process to a great extent and when Lynn White added the spinning wheel with increasing supply of rags, this led to the production of cheap paper, which was a prime factor in the development of printing technology.
The invention of the printing press was taken place in approximately 1450 AD, by Johannes Gutenburg, a German inventor. The invention of printing press was a prime developmental factor in the history of educational technology to convey the instruction as per the need of the complex and advanced-technology cultured society.
In the pre-industrial phases, while industry was simply the handwork at artisan level, the instructional processes were relied heavily upon simple things like the slate, the horn book, the blackboard, and chalk. It was limited to a single text book with a few illustrations. Educational technology was considered synonymous to simple aids like charts and pictures.
The year 1873 may be considered a landmark in the early history of technology of education or audio-visual education. An exhibition was held in Vienna at international level in which an American school won the admiration of the educators for the exhibition of maps, charts, textbooks and other equipments.
Maria Montessori (1870-1952), internationally renowned child educator and the originator of Montessori Method exerted a dynamic impact on educational technology through her development of graded materials designed to provide for the proper sequencing of subject matter for each individual learner. Modern educational technology suggests many extension of Montessori's idea of prepared child centered environment.
In1833, Charles Babbage's design of a general purpose computing device laid the foundation of the modern computer and in 1943, the first computing machine as per hi design was constructed by International Business Machines Corporation in USA. The Computer Assisted instruction (CAI) in which the computer functions essentially as a tutor as well as the Talking Type writer was developed by O.K. Moore in 1966. Since 1974, computers are interestingly used in education in schools, colleges and universities.
In the beginning of the 19th century, there were noteworthy changes in the field of education. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), right from its start of school broadcasts in 1920 had maintained rapid pace in making sound contribution to formal education. In the USA, by 1952, 20 states had the provision for educational broadcasting. Parallel to this time about 98% of the schools in United Kingdom were equipped with radios and there were regular daily programmes.
Sidney L. Pressey, a psychologist of Ohio state university developed a self-teaching machine called 'Drum Tutor' in 1920. Professor Skinner, however, in his famous article 'Science of Learning and art of Teaching' published in 1945 pleaded for the application of the knowledge derived from behavioral psychology to classroom procedures and suggested automated teaching devices as means of doing so.
Although the first practical use of Regular television broadcasts was in Germany in 1929 and in 1936 the Olympic Games in Berlin were broadcasted through television stations in Berlin, Open circuit television began to be used primarily for broadcasting programmes for entertainment in 1950. Since 1960, television is used for educational purposes.
In 1950, Brynmor, in England, used educational technological steps for the first time. It is to be cared that in 1960, as a result of industrial revolution in America and Russia, other countries also started progressing in the filed of educational technology. In this way, the beginning of educational technology took place in 1960 from America and Russia and now it has reached England, Europe and India.
During the time of around 1950s, new technocracy was turning it attraction to educations when there was a steep shortage of teachers in America and therefore an urgent need of educational technology was felt. Dr. Alvin C. Eurich and a little later his associate, Dr. Alexander J. Stoddard introduced mass production technology in America.
Team teaching had its origin in America in the mid of 1950's and was first started in the year 1955 at Harvard University as a part of internship plan.
In the year 1956, Benjamin Bloom from USA introduced the taxonomy of educational objectives through his publication, "The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, The Classification of Educational Goals, Handbook I: Cognitive Domain".
In 1961, Micro teaching technique was first adopted by Dwight W. Allen and his co-workers at Stanford University in USA.
Electronics is the main technology being developed in the beginning of 21st century. Broadband Internet access became popular and occupied almost all the important offices and educational places and even in common places in developed countries with the advantage of connecting home computers with music libraries and mobile phones.
Today's classroom is more likely to be a technology lab, a room with rows of students using internet connected or Wi-Fi enabled laptops, palmtops, notepad, or perhaps students are attending a video conferencing or virtual classroom or may have been listening to a podcast or taking in a video lecture. Rapid technological changes in the field of educational have created new ways to teach and to learn. Technological changes also motivated the teachers to access a variety of information on a global scale via the Internet, to enhance their lessons as well as to make them competent professional in their area of concern. At the same time, students can utilize vast resources of the Internet to enrich their learning experience to cope up with changing trend of the society. Now a days students as well teachers are attending seminars, conferences, workshops at national and international level by using the multimedia techno-resources like PowerPoint and even they pursue a variety of important courses of their choice in distance mode via online learning ways. Online learning facility has opened infinite number of doors of opportunities for today's learner to make their life happier than ever before.
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Presently Research Associate in the ICFAI University and have been pursuing PhD from Gauhati University, Assam.
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Thursday, January 17, 2013
Cat Repellent or How to Keep Cats Out of Your Garden
Do cat repellents work? How to stop a cat from using garden as litterbox? Tell me how to keep cats out of my garden. These are common questions of concern to all gardeners but is there a real answer?
The first line of defence is to ensure that your yard boundaries are secure. Any gaps in your fence should be blocked to deny low level access. But cats can jump so fix a taut wire or string some six inches above the top of your fence to deter this approach.
Once inside your garden many people say that the best cat repellent is a dog who will soon see off any feline invader. If you are not a dog lover then you will have to resort to more passive methods. Since cats like to lie on freshly dug soil you should lay mulch on your borders so that no bare soil is left exposed. Seed beds should be covered with wire netting or twigs arranged as a barrier.
Cat Repellent or How to Keep Cats Out of Your Garden
Young trees should have plastic guards fitted around their trunks to protect them against use as a scratching pole.
Your garden pond should be covered with netting to keep your fish safe.
Cats are generally known to dislike water so a well aimed bucketful or a squirt with the hose will certainly make an intruder run. After one or two dousings it may learn the lesson and stay away.
To protect plants and borders both mothballs and citrus are said to be effective deterrents. Place the mothballs, orange peel or lemon rind in the borders. Alternatively spray cloths with orange scented air freshener and place the cloths around the plants you wish to protect. Other known cat repellents are cayenne pepper, coffee grounds, pipe tobacco, lavender oil, lemon grass oil, citronella oil, eucalyptus oil and mustard oil.
Certain herbs are said to deter cats. In particular rue but not catmint which has the opposite effect. Coleus canina is another plant which is marketed by one merchant as a cat repellent.
The broadcaster Jerry Baker has suggested treating your yard with a tonic made from chewing tobacco, urine, birth control pills, mouthwash, molasses, detergent and beer. A smallholder has reported success using dried rabbit blood but you may feel that the ingredients listed in the previous paragraph should be tried first.
If you visit your local garden center or hardware store you will find several cat repellent products on sale. These range from electric water sprinklers and ultrasonic devices to sprays and granules.
Motion activated sprinklers act in the same way as a burglar alarm using an infra red detector. When the cat enters the area covered by the detector the sprinkler shoots out a jet of water to scare the animal away. It is claimed that, after one or two encounters with the jet, the cat will learn to avoid the area.
Ultrasonic devices emit a high frequency sound which is annoying to cats (and dogs) but is not audible to humans. There are various different models some of which operate continuously and others which have an infra red detector and only emit a pulse of sound when the cat triggers the device. To be successful you need to ensure that the model is powerful enough to cover the area you wish to protect. In addition make sure that the sound frequency is designed for larger animals since some models are intended to deter insects and so would be no use for cats.
There are also commercial scent cat repellents. Those that use chemicals should be kept away from any food crops but the essential oil based granule varieties act in the same way as orange and lemon peel mentioned above. Another way to keep a cat out if the garden is a repellent evaporator which consists of a container holding puffed rice which has been impregnated with essential oils. These are effective for three to four weeks and can then be refilled for a further period. Another natural product which many people claim really keeps a cat out of the garden is lion's dung. You may need to visit your local zoo to obtain this although some stores do stock zoo poo.
In Ontario, Canada the local township provides a cat trap service. Once the animal enters the cage it cannot escape but is completely unharmed. The owner has to pay to recover his pet and so should be encouraged not to let the cat stray in future. Apparently few owners bother to reclaim their cats but just obtain another kitten. However this sounds like a good way of dealing with a cat that cannot be deterred by any other method. If there is no such scheme in your area, just buy your own trap.
So, to recap, the first priority is to secure your boundary fences. Then you have the whole selection of suggested cat repellents ranging from homemade recipes to expensive commercial gadgets. I would suggest that you try the orange peel and prickly twigs for a start. If you are around when the intruder appears, try the bucket of water or hose. Even if you miss, the shock may be a sufficient deterrent. If these do not do the trick, then you may have to consider the commercial alternatives.
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Hugh Harris-Evans is the owner of The Garden Supplies Advisor where you will find further articles, gardening tips and product reviews.
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